NOTES

As we navigate through different folders , files on our windows or android system by just clicking on them . But when we connect to them remotely via SSH we will have CLI in which we dont have GUI , so there is no chance to click on the directories / files to navigate through them . So navigation commands are most important

There are also some special flags that can be used with ls command that will extend the functionality of ls command

ls -l will display more information of each file and directory out there like

Permissions of the particular file
Size of the file
user and group that can access that file
Date and time the file is created

!lslaa.png

we can see the hidden files of that directory by executing

ls -la

We can clear the whole thing on Terminal when it gets messy by simply executing ‘clear’ command or using CTRL+L Shortcut.

We can get the history of the commands we have executed so far by using ‘history command ‘ or CTRL+R Shortcut

• The Whole thing on HTB

  Navigation

  Navigation is essential, like working with the mouse as a standard
  Windows user. With it, we move across the system and work in directories
  and with files, we need and want. Therefore, we use different commands
  and tools to print out information about a directory or a file and can
  use advanced options to optimize the output to our needs.

  One of the best ways to learn something new is to experiment with it.
  Here we cover the sections on navigating through Linux, creating,
  moving, editing, and deleting files and folders, finding them on the
  operating system, different types of redirects, and what file
  descriptors are. We will also find shortcuts to make our work with the
  shell much easier and more comfortable. We recommend experimenting on
  our locally hosted VM. Ensure we have created a snapshot for our VM in
  case our system gets unexpectedly damaged.

  Let us start with the navigation. Before we move through the system,
  we have to find out in which directory we are. We can find out where we
  are with the command
  pwd.

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ pwd/home/cry0l1t3
  

  Only the ls command is needed to list all the contents
  inside a directory. It has many additional options that can complement
  the display of the content in the current folder.

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ lsDesktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
  

  Using it without any additional options will display the directories and files only. However, we can also add the -l option to display more information on those directories and files.

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ ls -ltotal 32
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:37 Desktop
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Documents
  drwxr-xr-x 3 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 15 03:26 Downloads
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Music
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Pictures
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Public
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Templates
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Videos
  

  First, we see the total amount of blocks (512-byte) used
  by the files and directories listed in the current directory, which
  indicates the total size used. That means it used 32 * 512-byte =
  16384 bytes of disk space. Next, we see a few columns that are structured as follows:

  Column Content	Description
  drwxr-xr-x	Type and permissions
  2	Number of hard links to the file/directory
  cry0l1t3	Owner of the file/directory
  htbacademy	Group owner of the file/directory
  4096	Size of the file or the number of blocks used to store the directory information
  Nov 13 17:37	Date and time
  Desktop	Directory name

  However, we will not see everything that is in this folder. A
  directory can also have hidden files that start with a dot at the
  beginning of its name (e.g.,
  .bashrc or .bash_history). Therefore, we need to use the command ls -la to list all files of a directory:

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ ls -latotal 403188
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:37 .bash_history
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:37 .bashrc
  ...SNIP...
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:37 Desktop
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Documents
  drwxr-xr-x 3 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 15 03:26 Downloads
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Music
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Pictures
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Public
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Templates
  drwxr-xr-x 2 cry0l1t3 htbacademy 4096 Nov 13 17:34 Videos
  

  To list the contents of a directory, we do not necessarily need to navigate there first. We can also use “ls” to specify the path where we want to know the contents.

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ ls -l /var/total 52
  drwxr-xr-x  2 root root     4096 Mai 15 18:54 backups
  drwxr-xr-x 18 root root     4096 Nov 15 16:55 cache
  drwxrwsrwt  2 root whoopsie 4096 Jul 25  2018 crash
  drwxr-xr-x 66 root root     4096 Mai 15 03:08 lib
  drwxrwsr-x  2 root staff    4096 Nov 24  2018 local
  <SNIP>
  

  We can do the same thing to navigate to the directory. To move through the directories, we use the command cd. Let us change to the /dev/shm directory. Of course, we can go to the /dev directory first and then /shm. Nevertheless, we can also enter the full path and jump there.

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ cd /dev/shmcry0l1t3@htb[/dev/shm]$
  

  Since we were in the home directory before, we can quickly jump back to the directory we were last in.

  cry0l1t3@htb[/dev/shm]$ cd -cry0l1t3@htb[~]$
  

  The shell also offers us the auto-complete function, which makes navigation easier. If we now type cd /dev/s and press [TAB] twice, we will get all entries starting with the letter “s” in the directory of /dev/.

  cry0l1t3@htb[~]$ cd /dev/s [TAB 2x]shm/ snd/
  

  If we add the letter “h” to the letter “s,” the shell will complete the input since otherwise there will be no folders in this directory beginning with the letters “sh”. If we now display all contents of the directory, we will only see the following contents.

  cry0l1t3@htb[/dev/shm]$ ls -la /dev/shmtotal 0
  drwxrwxrwt  2 root root   40 Mai 15 18:31 .
  drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4000 Mai 14 20:45 ..
  

  The first entry with a single dot (.) indicates the current directory we are currently in. The second entry with two dots (..) represents the parent directory /dev. This means we can jump to the parent directory with the following command.

  cry0l1t3@htb[/dev/shm]$ cd ..cry0l1t3@htb[/dev]$
  

  Since our shell is filled with some records, we can clean the shell with the command clear. First, however, let us return to the directory /dev/shm before and then execute the clear command to clean up our terminal.

  cry0l1t3@htb[/dev]$ cd shm && clear
  

  Another way to clean up our terminal is to use the shortcut [Ctrl] + [L]. We can also use the arrow keys (↑ or ↓)
  to scroll through the command history, which will show us the commands
  that we have used before. But we also can search through the command
  history using the shortcut
  [Ctrl] + [R] and type some of the text that we are looking for.